Bracken likes cool and humid climate conditions, strong resistance, more resistant to thin, suitable for a wide range of growth. It is distributed in most parts of our country. The fern is hi light, but it is not sensitive to light, and can grow normally under strong light or low light. Under long-term light conditions, the growth and development are faster and the plants are stronger and stronger. In the natural state, it is mostly distributed on sunny slopes. Bracken sprouts when the ground temperature reaches 5°C. Its optimum temperature for growth is 15~20°C. When the temperature reached 15°C and the ground temperature reached 12°C, the leaves began to grow rapidly. The optimum temperature for the development of bracken spores is 25~30°C. At a low temperature of -36°C, its perennial roots can safely pass through winter, and its young leaves are only subjected to freezing injury at -5°C. The fern requires a large amount of moisture. In the natural state, the area with annual precipitation of 500-1800 mm has its distribution, but the bracken is not resistant to long-term drought, especially when the spores are breeding, there must be sufficient moisture. The soil relative humidity of 90% is more suitable for bracken.
Second, the biological learning of bracken
The bracken usually seen by naked eyes is the generation of its spore body, which is asexual stage. Spores grow to a certain period of time, they produce sporangia, spores in the sporangia matured after the spores (not visible to the naked eye) germinate in water to form a separate gametophyte living, enter the sexual stage. Gametophytes produce sperm and eggs, which combine to form fertilized eggs. After multiple divisions, they form embryos, which are the initial forms of the spore body and enter the asexual generation. Two different morphological habits of bracken exist independently.
Third, artificial cultivation of bracken
1. Breeding:
According to the color of the fern stalk, bracken can be divided into three lines: red stem, middle, and green stem. The green stem fern is of better quality and is the best strain. Different strains of fern strong strains can be selected from wild communities, and rhizomes of different strains can be picked out and transplanted in the planned fields for evaluation tests of resistance, growth, yield, quality and other indicators, and then select excellent strains from among them. Spores are used for plant propagation.
2. Cultivation of root strains:
The selected fine line spore-bred plants are used to grow roots, and wild rhizomes can also be collected to grow roots. At the time of collection, it is appropriate to use the low temperature period from the early winter when the stems and leaves wither to the early April. Try to dig deep enough to prevent root cuts and plant them as soon as possible to avoid excessive water loss. If you wait for the spring planting, you must first implant in the soil. Before planting, roots should be fully and deeply ploughed early, and organic fertilizers such as compost should be applied. The ridges should be 60-80 cm wide, single-row plants should be planted, and the planting depth should be 10 cm. This planting of 100 square meters requires fern roots of 8 to 10 kilograms. The suitable period for planting roots is from late October to mid-April of the following year. After planting, the grass-covering method is used to prevent drought, and cultivation takes at least one year.
3. Cultivation and harvesting of bracken:
The choice of woodland. Although the fern requirements for the soil are not strict, in order to produce good quality and high yield fern, the best choice for woodland slope 120 ~ 180, 40 ~ 50 cm depth of sunny slopes, wild grassland, new afforestation Young woodland or forest gaps, alluvial slopes. The soil is acidic and slightly acidic.
Soil preparation and fertilization. To plant soil before transplanting in the second year of the spring, deep plowing will be conducted in the autumn before transplanting, and the soil will be smashed. At the same time, organic fertilizer was applied, and mature pigs and horse dung were used as base fertilizer. For every 667 square meters (1 mu), apply 500~1000 kg, deepen 25~30 cm deep, and disinfect the soil.
Bracken cultivation. At the beginning of the spring, fern roots cultivated after 1 year are selected to be cut to a root length of 20 to 30 centimeters, and the tips of buds on the stems should be protected. Do not bump them and avoid sun exposure. Instead of ridges or rakes, open 10 to 15 cm deep trenches every 20 to 22 centimeters. Place the seedlings flat in the trenches, cover 5 centimeters or 8 centimeters thick soil, and pour in enough water to cover a depth of about 3 centimeters. Dry leaves or straw, etc., to prevent drought and moisture. In general, transplanting 100-130 kilograms per 667 square meters is required. After planting, topdressing and irrigation should be performed to promote the bracken's robust growth.
Field management. In early April every year, water spray is initiated to promote early budding. To keep the soil moist at all times, we must pay more attention to frequent spraying of water in areas prone to spring drought. After the spores of bracken are scattered in summer, the soil should be kept moist so that the spores can germinate. The grass that had been planted that year had decayed, and the next spring would have to be covered with another layer. Lighting is an important factor in the growth and development of bracken. The light is too strong, the cells are stretched, the petiole is short, and the food value is low; when the light is weak, the petiole is greenish, the photosynthesis is poor, the accumulation of photosynthetic products is insufficient, and the quality is poor. Therefore, in the field management, it is necessary to adjust the light intensity in time by using a shade net according to the changes in sunshine and weather conditions.
Harvest of bracken. Harvesting started in the second year of cultivation. The harvest period was from late May to early June. The vegetables began to sprout in a large amount. The picking of the bracken that grew to 10 cm or more was harvested 3 times a week. After entering the winter, the dried shoots and leaves of the bracken were set on fire and covered with hay. At this time, the underground rhizomes of bracken have criss-crossed, and the bracken that germinated in the following year is early and strong and neat. (
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