(I) Safe feeding of green feed
1. The amount of feeding. The feeding amount of green feed is closely related to such factors as livestock and poultry species, production performance, physiological stage and environmental conditions. Ruminants such as cattle and sheep can use more green feed and can be used as the sole source of feed. However, omnivorous animals such as pigs and chickens can only use green feed as a supplementary feed. Green feed for pigs generally accounts for about 30% of pig diets. Pigs and fattening pigs have to be fed less. Empty sows and mid-pregnancy sows can increase their feed. Green feed can account for 50 of the diet. %. Chickens are fed green feed primarily as a vitamin supplement. Green feed generally accounts for 15% to 20% of chick diets and 20% to 30% of adult chicken diets. Although cattle and sheep can use more green feed, there are still a number of restrictions, for example, the average daily production of dairy cows is 30 to 50 kg; adult beef cattle 15 to 20 kg; adult sheep 5 to 8 kg. In summer, the feeding amount of livestock and poultry green feed can be increased or decreased according to the temperature, and the temperature can be increased. The green feed can be used to increase the amount of feed, and the decrease in temperature can be used to reduce the amount of feed.
2. Fresh feed. When feeding livestock and poultry with green feed in the summer, it is best to supply fresh water according to the needs of livestock and poultry. Because the green feed is stored under the heat and fermented under high temperature conditions, most of the vitamins and proteins degenerate, their activity declines, and even they are destroyed. Some non-protein nitrogens such as nitrates contained in stems and leaves form nitrite under the action of nitrifying bacteria and nitric enzymes. If livestock and poultry feed on chlorous green feed containing nitrite, diarrhea will occur in livestock with low food intake, and nitrite poisoning will occur in livestock with large feed intake, leading to serious death.
3. Seasonal feeding. The harvest time of green feed for livestock and poultry should be appropriate. Because green feed is harvested too early, it is not only safe for feeding livestock and poultry, but also has a low amount of grass. Therefore, the timing of green feed for feeding livestock and poultry must be comprehensively taken into account in the amount of grass production, nutrient content, and safety of feeding.
4. To prevent poisoning. In order to prevent the occurrence of pesticide poisoning, spraying pesticides in vegetable fields, farmland, orchards and cotton fields associated with the production of green fodder should use high-efficiency, low-toxicity pesticides as far as possible, and fully grasp the pesticides before feeding the green-green feedstuffs. The time of spraying, the type of pesticides, and the safety interval, etc., as far as possible after the spraying of pesticides, when it is confirmed that the green feed can be safely used, it can be harvested and fed to prevent pesticide poisoning. Some types of green fodder itself contain some toxic substances or are easily turned into toxic substances. For example, grasses in legume grasses contain coumarin. When cattle consume metamorphic grasses containing dicoumarin in summer, they appear to be poisoned. phenomenon. In order to avoid the occurrence of double coumarin poisoning, when feeding cows to feed the grass crickets, they must be fed freshly and feed on the side, and the feeding amount should be increased from little to large. Gradually increase the amount, and do not feed the moulds that have become mildewed. .
(B) The efficient use of green feed
1. Select the appropriate type of green feed. Ruminants such as cattle and sheep can choose to feed some green fiber feeds with high crude fiber content, and can use grass green feeds such as ryegrass, fescue, sudan grass, mexican corn, and imperial bamboo grass, and feed sweet Gao Hao et al. Pigs, rabbits, geese, etc. can properly use some of the crude fiber, generally can choose a lower content of green fiber feed, such as European chicory, pine cone herb, Rumex, American corn amaranth, bitter leeks, etc.; can also be Choose mature green fiber feeds with higher crude fiber content and lower crude fiber content in the early growth stage, such as alfalfa, white clover, red bean grass, ryegrass, etc., and choose to feed them in the early stages of growth. Chickens, ducks, etc. need fresh green foods with less cellulose content, so the green feeds used to feed chickens and ducks should be castrated in the early stages regardless of the type.
2. Scientific collocation. The first is based on the difference in the content of nutrients in green feed, and they are complemented and fed together. Different types of green feed contain different nutrients. The crude protein content of leguminous herbage is higher, and the content of crude fiber material is higher in grasses. The combination of the two pastures can form nutritional complements and increase the utilization of nutritive substances in the two herbage species. rate. Secondly, according to the differences in nutrient and moisture content of green feed and roughage, mutual mutative collocation can not only improve the palatability of roughage, but also solve the problem of reducing or not ruminating the number of ruminants such as cattle and sheep caused by green feed alone. Third, based on the needs of livestock and poultry growth and production, the full-price mix of concentrate feed, roughage feed, and green feed is conducted. According to the nutrition characteristics of each type of feed and the nutritional needs of livestock and poultry growth and production, a fully mixed diet that meets the needs of livestock and poultry is produced to improve the production performance of livestock and poultry.
3. Processing modulation after feeding. The preparation of cattle and sheep fed with green feed can be performed by greening the green feed with the dried crop stalks. The specific method is: on the drying field, wheat straw with a thickness of about 25 to 30 cm is laid first, and the wheat straw is laid on the drying field. A greenish feed with a high moisture content of about 25 to 30 cm is laid on top, and then about 25 to 30 cm of wheat straw is laid on top of the green feed. After being laid, it is rolled with a stone mill or a roller to push out the juice of the green feed. It is absorbed by wheat straw. Pigs and geese can be beaten by feeding the green feed. The specific method is: Beating the harvested green feed with a pulper. The green feed after beating can be directly mixed with dry powder, or it can be mixed with roughage grass powder. After feeding with concentrate feed.
1. The amount of feeding. The feeding amount of green feed is closely related to such factors as livestock and poultry species, production performance, physiological stage and environmental conditions. Ruminants such as cattle and sheep can use more green feed and can be used as the sole source of feed. However, omnivorous animals such as pigs and chickens can only use green feed as a supplementary feed. Green feed for pigs generally accounts for about 30% of pig diets. Pigs and fattening pigs have to be fed less. Empty sows and mid-pregnancy sows can increase their feed. Green feed can account for 50 of the diet. %. Chickens are fed green feed primarily as a vitamin supplement. Green feed generally accounts for 15% to 20% of chick diets and 20% to 30% of adult chicken diets. Although cattle and sheep can use more green feed, there are still a number of restrictions, for example, the average daily production of dairy cows is 30 to 50 kg; adult beef cattle 15 to 20 kg; adult sheep 5 to 8 kg. In summer, the feeding amount of livestock and poultry green feed can be increased or decreased according to the temperature, and the temperature can be increased. The green feed can be used to increase the amount of feed, and the decrease in temperature can be used to reduce the amount of feed.
2. Fresh feed. When feeding livestock and poultry with green feed in the summer, it is best to supply fresh water according to the needs of livestock and poultry. Because the green feed is stored under the heat and fermented under high temperature conditions, most of the vitamins and proteins degenerate, their activity declines, and even they are destroyed. Some non-protein nitrogens such as nitrates contained in stems and leaves form nitrite under the action of nitrifying bacteria and nitric enzymes. If livestock and poultry feed on chlorous green feed containing nitrite, diarrhea will occur in livestock with low food intake, and nitrite poisoning will occur in livestock with large feed intake, leading to serious death.
3. Seasonal feeding. The harvest time of green feed for livestock and poultry should be appropriate. Because green feed is harvested too early, it is not only safe for feeding livestock and poultry, but also has a low amount of grass. Therefore, the timing of green feed for feeding livestock and poultry must be comprehensively taken into account in the amount of grass production, nutrient content, and safety of feeding.
4. To prevent poisoning. In order to prevent the occurrence of pesticide poisoning, spraying pesticides in vegetable fields, farmland, orchards and cotton fields associated with the production of green fodder should use high-efficiency, low-toxicity pesticides as far as possible, and fully grasp the pesticides before feeding the green-green feedstuffs. The time of spraying, the type of pesticides, and the safety interval, etc., as far as possible after the spraying of pesticides, when it is confirmed that the green feed can be safely used, it can be harvested and fed to prevent pesticide poisoning. Some types of green fodder itself contain some toxic substances or are easily turned into toxic substances. For example, grasses in legume grasses contain coumarin. When cattle consume metamorphic grasses containing dicoumarin in summer, they appear to be poisoned. phenomenon. In order to avoid the occurrence of double coumarin poisoning, when feeding cows to feed the grass crickets, they must be fed freshly and feed on the side, and the feeding amount should be increased from little to large. Gradually increase the amount, and do not feed the moulds that have become mildewed. .
(B) The efficient use of green feed
1. Select the appropriate type of green feed. Ruminants such as cattle and sheep can choose to feed some green fiber feeds with high crude fiber content, and can use grass green feeds such as ryegrass, fescue, sudan grass, mexican corn, and imperial bamboo grass, and feed sweet Gao Hao et al. Pigs, rabbits, geese, etc. can properly use some of the crude fiber, generally can choose a lower content of green fiber feed, such as European chicory, pine cone herb, Rumex, American corn amaranth, bitter leeks, etc.; can also be Choose mature green fiber feeds with higher crude fiber content and lower crude fiber content in the early growth stage, such as alfalfa, white clover, red bean grass, ryegrass, etc., and choose to feed them in the early stages of growth. Chickens, ducks, etc. need fresh green foods with less cellulose content, so the green feeds used to feed chickens and ducks should be castrated in the early stages regardless of the type.
2. Scientific collocation. The first is based on the difference in the content of nutrients in green feed, and they are complemented and fed together. Different types of green feed contain different nutrients. The crude protein content of leguminous herbage is higher, and the content of crude fiber material is higher in grasses. The combination of the two pastures can form nutritional complements and increase the utilization of nutritive substances in the two herbage species. rate. Secondly, according to the differences in nutrient and moisture content of green feed and roughage, mutual mutative collocation can not only improve the palatability of roughage, but also solve the problem of reducing or not ruminating the number of ruminants such as cattle and sheep caused by green feed alone. Third, based on the needs of livestock and poultry growth and production, the full-price mix of concentrate feed, roughage feed, and green feed is conducted. According to the nutrition characteristics of each type of feed and the nutritional needs of livestock and poultry growth and production, a fully mixed diet that meets the needs of livestock and poultry is produced to improve the production performance of livestock and poultry.
3. Processing modulation after feeding. The preparation of cattle and sheep fed with green feed can be performed by greening the green feed with the dried crop stalks. The specific method is: on the drying field, wheat straw with a thickness of about 25 to 30 cm is laid first, and the wheat straw is laid on the drying field. A greenish feed with a high moisture content of about 25 to 30 cm is laid on top, and then about 25 to 30 cm of wheat straw is laid on top of the green feed. After being laid, it is rolled with a stone mill or a roller to push out the juice of the green feed. It is absorbed by wheat straw. Pigs and geese can be beaten by feeding the green feed. The specific method is: Beating the harvested green feed with a pulper. The green feed after beating can be directly mixed with dry powder, or it can be mixed with roughage grass powder. After feeding with concentrate feed.
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