Premixed feeds are homogenous mixtures of the same kind of additives or different types of additives formulated in a certain proportion. Although the proportion of premixed feeds in the full-price feed is small, it plays an extremely important role in feeding the full-price feed. Scientific premixed feed formulations are the key to premix production. To produce high-quality premixes, not only scientific formulas, but also high-quality raw materials, sophisticated equipment processes and a set of sound management measures are needed. Premix is ​​not a simple commodity, but a technology with a very high technical content. It is a comprehensive embodiment of technologies such as raw material quality testing, nutritional formula design, and livestock and poultry husbandry management. In order to further popularize and popularize premixed feed technology, this article briefly describes the production technology and use of premixed feeds.
1. Production purpose, characteristics and function of premixed feed The purpose of premix production is to dilute and expand the microcomponent additive, and the active ingredient is evenly dispersed in the compound feed. The premix can be produced by a manufacturer who specializes in producing such products, or it can be produced in a specialized production workshop attached to a compound feed factory. Premix has the following characteristics: 1 The composition is complex. Good quality premixes generally include 6 or 7 trace elements, 15 or more vitamins, 2 kinds of amino acids, 1 to 2 kinds of drugs and other additives (antioxidants and antifungal agents, etc.), and the nature of various feed additives. And the effects are different, the compatibility relationship is complex; 2 the amount is small, the role is large. The proportion of general premix in the compound feed is 0.5% to 5%, although the amount is small, but it has a great effect on the improvement of animal production performance, feed conversion rate improvement and feed preservation; 3 can not be fed directly. The concentration of the active ingredient of the additive in the premix is ​​very high, generally tens to hundreds times of the animal's requirement, and if directly fed, the animal is likely to be poisoned.
There are four main functions of the premix: 1 The trace components of the additive can be evenly distributed in the compound feed; 2 The premixed process can be used to compensate and improve the unsatisfactory properties of trace components, such as instability, water absorption, and static electricity. Adsorption, etc.; 3 Standardization of additive levels; 4 Simplification of production processes in general feed mills and reduction of investment.
2. Pre-mixed feed production technology points
2.1 The use of advanced formulas for premixed feed formulations is the core of production technology, and is based on the nutritional needs of animal specialists in a specific premix manufacturer based on the nutritional needs of each stage of animal growth and production, in accordance with the basic nutritional content of domestic feed ingredients. What makes up for what, economically reasonable, low-value and high-efficiency principle, at the same time taking into account the external environment and processing technology and many other influencing factors, has been carefully designed. On the one hand, it is necessary to select appropriate and appropriate additive raw materials in combination with nutritional needs and user's feeding level and conditions; on the other hand, it is necessary to consider the need for processing. For most components that do not affect safety, such as nutritive additives, it is formula technology to grasp the right amount. key. The amount and usage of drug-based feed additives and certain sensitive components (such as selenium, copper, etc.) must have sufficient scientific evidence and necessary practical experience. Otherwise, errors and serious consequences can easily occur. The ratio of raw materials is an important factor affecting the quality of premixed products. The ratio of active ingredients and diluents in premixes, the proportion of various trace elements, and the proportion of relevant active ingredients should be just right. Formulations should not be static and should be based on market feedback, local conditions, seasonal changes, latest technology and product information. They should be able to adjust formulas with confidence, be strict and flexible, and always bring premixed products closer to national conditions and production. actual.
2.2 Selection of high-quality raw materials The quality of raw materials has a great influence on the actual utility of premixes. The most basic requirements for high-quality raw materials are high purity, no toxic and hazardous substances, and the most important is the content of active ingredients, especially vitamins that are easily destroyed. A and vitamin C and other additives should be determined after actual determination of its amount. The trace element compound raw materials must have characteristics such as high biological valence, stable physical properties, and low toxic and harmful substances. In addition, some additives, its own quality and dosage form are likely to affect other additives, and special attention should also be paid. For example, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate is very hygroscopic and has a great destructive effect on vitamin A. However, the effect of ferrous sulfate monohydrate on vitamin A is less. If a protective agent is added, the effect is even smaller, and itself. Very good activity. Manufacturers producing premixes should use high-quality raw materials and accurately measure the quality and potency of raw materials. In the selection of vitamins, should pay attention to two points: 1 selection of high biological value; 2 select different vitamins according to climate characteristics, such as hot and humid summer, the choice of thiamine mononitrate better than thiamine hydrochloride. When selecting trace element raw materials, many factors such as the content of its ingredients, particle size, crystal water, and the content of toxic and harmful substances should be considered. Drug feed additives, but also pay attention to safety issues, use must be based on the instructions and test materials provided by the manufacturers, their use period, withdrawal period and precautions, etc. to fully understand.
2.3 Use of optimal carriers and diluents Carriers are microparticles that carry or adsorb trace amounts of active ingredients, which are non-active substances in the premix. The choice of carrier should follow the following principles: strong chemical stability, no damage to the adsorbent; moderate particle size, good mixing with full-priced feed; low price. The particle size of the carrier should be between 0.177~0.59mm; the density should be similar to the density of the micro-components it carries, and the carrier density in the composite pre-mix should be the average density of the micro-components; when mixing the carrier and additives, add The 1.5% vegetable oil can improve the adhesion of the carrier; the water content of the carrier should be controlled at 8% to 10%, and the carrier can not damage the activity of the active ingredient carried; the pH of the carrier is close to neutrality. Commonly used carriers are: shell powder, wheat bran, corn, lotus root starch, defatted rice bran, stone powder, zeolite powder, salt and so on. The diluent is a component that reduces the concentration of the active material in the premix and separates the microparticles from each other. It is an inactive material like the carrier and plays a role in reducing the reaction between the active ingredients and contributing to the stabilization of the active ingredient. The requirements for the diluent are as follows: the moisture content of the diluent should be less than 10%, no moisture absorption, no agglomeration; the particle size requirement is between 0.05~0.6mm; the surface should be smooth and has good fluidity; pH ​​value requirements Between 5.5 and 7.5, no static charge; must be animal edible, harmless and stable.
2.4 Pretreatment of raw materials Vitamins are susceptible to oxygen, moisture, heat, light, metal ions and other factors to reduce their activity. In order to meet the requirements of the production process, all vitamin additives must be specially pretreated to maintain their stability and activity. Emulsification technology can be used to form microparticles and evenly dispersed in a matrix. The coating technique is then used to form microparticles encapsulated with gelatin to form microcapsules. The treated particles can resist mechanical operation, have good oxidation resistance and good mixing performance. Trace element additives mainly refer to mineral salts and oxides such as copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. Some of these compounds have poor water solubility, and some are prone to moisture absorption and moisture reversion. They must be properly pre-treated before they are applied to change some of their physical characteristics so that they not only meet the processing requirements but also ensure the quality of the product. The pretreatment technologies used include drying, anti-caking agents, coating, fine granulation, and pre-crushing.
2.5 The use of high-precision production equipment Scientific formulas rely on accurate metering ingredients to achieve, in order to ensure accurate ingredients in strict accordance with the requirements of the formula, we must have advanced measurement equipment and reasonable technology, premix production of various types of metering equipment Accuracy and stability all have very high requirements. Therefore, management and regular calibration of related equipments must be strengthened. For drugs with small additions that may affect safety, such as selenium, high copper and other additives, special care must be taken in metering and dilution. Mixers are the most important equipment for making premixes. Different premix types need to select different mixer equipment, such as non-gravity particle machines, cone mixers, double spiral belt mixers, and double-axis paddles. Mixer and fast residue-free mixer. Under normal circumstances, the requirements for the mixer are: 1 high mixing efficiency, the best short mixing time; 2 high mixing uniformity; 3 reasonable structure, low internal residue and easy removal; 4 loading and unloading convenient; Good, less leakage; 6 anti-static.
2.6 Mix even feed mixing Although it is only a physical process, due to obvious differences in raw material density and other characteristics, we must scientifically select the equipment, mixing time and appropriate carrier or diluent, the process flow as simple as possible, and strive to mix evenly. For high-quality premixes, all the components should be evenly distributed, and any one sample test should be taken. The proportion between multiple components should be consistent with the formula. However, due to various factors, there may be differences between different sampling sites and different batches. The poor homogeneity of the premix means that the actual intake of the animal does not conform to the formula's supply, which directly affects the effect of the additive and the feeding of the compound feed, especially for some safe doses and toxic doses. In terms of trace components, poor uniformity may cause unsafe results, so uniformity is an important quality indicator for premixes. The index for measuring uniformity is the degree of mixing uniformity, expressed in terms of coefficient of variation. China's ministerial standard specifies that the coefficient of variation should be less than 7%.
2.7 Introducing the HACCP Management System Today, meat and food safety is becoming more and more important. It is necessary to introduce the HACCP management system in the production of premix. Firstly, the hazard factors that may occur during the production and processing of feeds should be analyzed, the key control points should be determined accordingly, and the control standards should be formulated. Then, practical and effective control measures should be implemented to establish the detection methods and procedures, and to find out in a timely manner whether the control measures and the established standards are Deviations, taking effective corrective measures, timely adjustment of production, processing and control methods, and full validation of the HACCP system. The implementation of HACCP can improve the quality control awareness and quality control level of premix production enterprises, and it will surely promote the overall improvement of premix production levels.
1. Production purpose, characteristics and function of premixed feed The purpose of premix production is to dilute and expand the microcomponent additive, and the active ingredient is evenly dispersed in the compound feed. The premix can be produced by a manufacturer who specializes in producing such products, or it can be produced in a specialized production workshop attached to a compound feed factory. Premix has the following characteristics: 1 The composition is complex. Good quality premixes generally include 6 or 7 trace elements, 15 or more vitamins, 2 kinds of amino acids, 1 to 2 kinds of drugs and other additives (antioxidants and antifungal agents, etc.), and the nature of various feed additives. And the effects are different, the compatibility relationship is complex; 2 the amount is small, the role is large. The proportion of general premix in the compound feed is 0.5% to 5%, although the amount is small, but it has a great effect on the improvement of animal production performance, feed conversion rate improvement and feed preservation; 3 can not be fed directly. The concentration of the active ingredient of the additive in the premix is ​​very high, generally tens to hundreds times of the animal's requirement, and if directly fed, the animal is likely to be poisoned.
There are four main functions of the premix: 1 The trace components of the additive can be evenly distributed in the compound feed; 2 The premixed process can be used to compensate and improve the unsatisfactory properties of trace components, such as instability, water absorption, and static electricity. Adsorption, etc.; 3 Standardization of additive levels; 4 Simplification of production processes in general feed mills and reduction of investment.
2. Pre-mixed feed production technology points
2.1 The use of advanced formulas for premixed feed formulations is the core of production technology, and is based on the nutritional needs of animal specialists in a specific premix manufacturer based on the nutritional needs of each stage of animal growth and production, in accordance with the basic nutritional content of domestic feed ingredients. What makes up for what, economically reasonable, low-value and high-efficiency principle, at the same time taking into account the external environment and processing technology and many other influencing factors, has been carefully designed. On the one hand, it is necessary to select appropriate and appropriate additive raw materials in combination with nutritional needs and user's feeding level and conditions; on the other hand, it is necessary to consider the need for processing. For most components that do not affect safety, such as nutritive additives, it is formula technology to grasp the right amount. key. The amount and usage of drug-based feed additives and certain sensitive components (such as selenium, copper, etc.) must have sufficient scientific evidence and necessary practical experience. Otherwise, errors and serious consequences can easily occur. The ratio of raw materials is an important factor affecting the quality of premixed products. The ratio of active ingredients and diluents in premixes, the proportion of various trace elements, and the proportion of relevant active ingredients should be just right. Formulations should not be static and should be based on market feedback, local conditions, seasonal changes, latest technology and product information. They should be able to adjust formulas with confidence, be strict and flexible, and always bring premixed products closer to national conditions and production. actual.
2.2 Selection of high-quality raw materials The quality of raw materials has a great influence on the actual utility of premixes. The most basic requirements for high-quality raw materials are high purity, no toxic and hazardous substances, and the most important is the content of active ingredients, especially vitamins that are easily destroyed. A and vitamin C and other additives should be determined after actual determination of its amount. The trace element compound raw materials must have characteristics such as high biological valence, stable physical properties, and low toxic and harmful substances. In addition, some additives, its own quality and dosage form are likely to affect other additives, and special attention should also be paid. For example, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate is very hygroscopic and has a great destructive effect on vitamin A. However, the effect of ferrous sulfate monohydrate on vitamin A is less. If a protective agent is added, the effect is even smaller, and itself. Very good activity. Manufacturers producing premixes should use high-quality raw materials and accurately measure the quality and potency of raw materials. In the selection of vitamins, should pay attention to two points: 1 selection of high biological value; 2 select different vitamins according to climate characteristics, such as hot and humid summer, the choice of thiamine mononitrate better than thiamine hydrochloride. When selecting trace element raw materials, many factors such as the content of its ingredients, particle size, crystal water, and the content of toxic and harmful substances should be considered. Drug feed additives, but also pay attention to safety issues, use must be based on the instructions and test materials provided by the manufacturers, their use period, withdrawal period and precautions, etc. to fully understand.
2.3 Use of optimal carriers and diluents Carriers are microparticles that carry or adsorb trace amounts of active ingredients, which are non-active substances in the premix. The choice of carrier should follow the following principles: strong chemical stability, no damage to the adsorbent; moderate particle size, good mixing with full-priced feed; low price. The particle size of the carrier should be between 0.177~0.59mm; the density should be similar to the density of the micro-components it carries, and the carrier density in the composite pre-mix should be the average density of the micro-components; when mixing the carrier and additives, add The 1.5% vegetable oil can improve the adhesion of the carrier; the water content of the carrier should be controlled at 8% to 10%, and the carrier can not damage the activity of the active ingredient carried; the pH of the carrier is close to neutrality. Commonly used carriers are: shell powder, wheat bran, corn, lotus root starch, defatted rice bran, stone powder, zeolite powder, salt and so on. The diluent is a component that reduces the concentration of the active material in the premix and separates the microparticles from each other. It is an inactive material like the carrier and plays a role in reducing the reaction between the active ingredients and contributing to the stabilization of the active ingredient. The requirements for the diluent are as follows: the moisture content of the diluent should be less than 10%, no moisture absorption, no agglomeration; the particle size requirement is between 0.05~0.6mm; the surface should be smooth and has good fluidity; pH ​​value requirements Between 5.5 and 7.5, no static charge; must be animal edible, harmless and stable.
2.4 Pretreatment of raw materials Vitamins are susceptible to oxygen, moisture, heat, light, metal ions and other factors to reduce their activity. In order to meet the requirements of the production process, all vitamin additives must be specially pretreated to maintain their stability and activity. Emulsification technology can be used to form microparticles and evenly dispersed in a matrix. The coating technique is then used to form microparticles encapsulated with gelatin to form microcapsules. The treated particles can resist mechanical operation, have good oxidation resistance and good mixing performance. Trace element additives mainly refer to mineral salts and oxides such as copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. Some of these compounds have poor water solubility, and some are prone to moisture absorption and moisture reversion. They must be properly pre-treated before they are applied to change some of their physical characteristics so that they not only meet the processing requirements but also ensure the quality of the product. The pretreatment technologies used include drying, anti-caking agents, coating, fine granulation, and pre-crushing.
2.5 The use of high-precision production equipment Scientific formulas rely on accurate metering ingredients to achieve, in order to ensure accurate ingredients in strict accordance with the requirements of the formula, we must have advanced measurement equipment and reasonable technology, premix production of various types of metering equipment Accuracy and stability all have very high requirements. Therefore, management and regular calibration of related equipments must be strengthened. For drugs with small additions that may affect safety, such as selenium, high copper and other additives, special care must be taken in metering and dilution. Mixers are the most important equipment for making premixes. Different premix types need to select different mixer equipment, such as non-gravity particle machines, cone mixers, double spiral belt mixers, and double-axis paddles. Mixer and fast residue-free mixer. Under normal circumstances, the requirements for the mixer are: 1 high mixing efficiency, the best short mixing time; 2 high mixing uniformity; 3 reasonable structure, low internal residue and easy removal; 4 loading and unloading convenient; Good, less leakage; 6 anti-static.
2.6 Mix even feed mixing Although it is only a physical process, due to obvious differences in raw material density and other characteristics, we must scientifically select the equipment, mixing time and appropriate carrier or diluent, the process flow as simple as possible, and strive to mix evenly. For high-quality premixes, all the components should be evenly distributed, and any one sample test should be taken. The proportion between multiple components should be consistent with the formula. However, due to various factors, there may be differences between different sampling sites and different batches. The poor homogeneity of the premix means that the actual intake of the animal does not conform to the formula's supply, which directly affects the effect of the additive and the feeding of the compound feed, especially for some safe doses and toxic doses. In terms of trace components, poor uniformity may cause unsafe results, so uniformity is an important quality indicator for premixes. The index for measuring uniformity is the degree of mixing uniformity, expressed in terms of coefficient of variation. China's ministerial standard specifies that the coefficient of variation should be less than 7%.
2.7 Introducing the HACCP Management System Today, meat and food safety is becoming more and more important. It is necessary to introduce the HACCP management system in the production of premix. Firstly, the hazard factors that may occur during the production and processing of feeds should be analyzed, the key control points should be determined accordingly, and the control standards should be formulated. Then, practical and effective control measures should be implemented to establish the detection methods and procedures, and to find out in a timely manner whether the control measures and the established standards are Deviations, taking effective corrective measures, timely adjustment of production, processing and control methods, and full validation of the HACCP system. The implementation of HACCP can improve the quality control awareness and quality control level of premix production enterprises, and it will surely promote the overall improvement of premix production levels.
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