Walnut is an important oil fruit tree. Walnut oil content of up to 60% to 75%, protein content of more than 15%, but also contains calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins and other nutrients. It is both nutritious food and great medical efficacy. Walnuts do not require strict environmental conditions, and are particularly suitable for barren hills and barren slopes. They are the ideal economic forests for returning farmland to forests. In order to produce high yields early and increase the economic benefits per unit area, dwarf planting and dense planting are commonly used, and planting is usually carried out according to 32 meters (111 acres), and the grafted plants can enter the high yield period in 4 to 5 years, yielding up to 300 acres per mu. 500 kg. First, the establishment of gardens and planting 1. Garden selection Walnuts do not require strict environmental conditions, as long as the annual average temperature of 9 ~ 16 °C above, the annual rainfall of more than 800 mm can be planted. The adaptability of walnut to soil is relatively extensive, but because it is a deep-rooted fruit tree, and the resistance is weak, it is appropriate to choose a deep fertile soil with strong water retention. Walnuts are hi light fruit trees and require sufficient light. It is better to choose the south slope when building a garden in the mountains. 2. Planting In order to achieve early results and increase the yield per unit area, dwarf close planting should be promoted, and mare seedlings should be selected before yield is high. Grafting seedlings can be planted 2 to 3 years after planting, 4 to 5 years can enter the high yield period, and seedlings need 8 to 10 years before they can bear fruit, 15 years to enter the high yield period. At present, close planting gardens are suitable for 32 (am planted 111). Walnuts are male and female plants of the same species, and female flowers and male flowers on the same plant are generally not in full bloom. Therefore, pollination among different plants is required. Therefore, only the planted walnut gardens can obtain high yields. Walnuts are most suitable for planting in the fall (September-November) or before budding. Before planting, large holes (80 cm in length, width, and depth) can be dug into the organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and soil, and then they are planted on the cave. Pour enough root water and cover the tree tray with weeds for better survival. After the planting, it should be dried in time, and drought-resistant seedlings should be kept. Second, soil management 1. Farming in the walnut groves for deep greening or pressing in organic fertilizers is an effective measure for early saplings and high yields of trees. The deep ploughing period can be carried out in spring, summer and autumn, and the spring is carried out before budding. The summer and autumn seasons are carried out after the rain, combined with fertilization and the weeds are buried in the soil. Deep plowing should be carried out year by year from the planting hole, with a depth of 60-80 cm, but rough roots with a diameter of 1 cm or more should be prevented from being damaged. Young saplings of walnuts grow slowly, and the land between rows can be interspersed with leguminous crops or green manure. Adult orchards use herbicides every year from April to September to weed them 2 or 3 times and cultivating once in autumn and winter. 2. Fertilization Nitrogen and potassium are the main components of walnuts, and nitrogen is more than potassium. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase yield and quality. In phosphorus-deficient soils, phosphorus and calcium must also be added, and organic fertilizer should be added. Sapling fertilization should be based on the principle of thin application of the plant, starting from the year of planting to germination, starting fertilizer, once a month, to the end of September, applying a base fertilizer, the first 2 to 4 years, each year in March, June, August, October total Apply 4 times fertilizer. Adult trees (refer to grafted seedlings after 4 to 5 years of colonization) apply base fertilizer once a year and top dressing twice. The basal fertilizer is applied in combination with soil deep plowing and greening in the autumn (from September to October), 5000 kg of organic fertilizer (livestock and poultry manure), 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 100 kg of plant ash, and 15 kg of urea. The top dressing was applied twice, the top dressing was applied before germination, and 1500 kg of pig manure water and 20 kg of urea were applied. The second top dressing was applied in the hard core period (from June to July) to help increase the fruit weight and promote flower bud differentiation. It can apply 2,500 kg of pig manure water, 30 kg of urea, 20 kg of potassium sulfate and 20 kg of superphosphate. 3. Irrigation walnuts are hi wet, resistant to waterlogging, weak in drought resistance, and irrigation is an effective measure to increase production. If the soil is dry and lack of water during growth, the fruit set-up rate will be low, the peel will be thick, and the development of the seed kernels will be insufficient. If fertilization is not performed after fertilization, the fertilizer effect cannot be fully exerted. Therefore, in the flowering, rapid fruit growth, fertilization and winter drought, etc., should be timely irrigation. Third, the plastic trim 1. During the hibernation period during pruning, there are wounds in the walnut, so it should not be pruned; its pruning period to the most appropriate in the fall, is conducive to early healing of the wound in the year. The saplings are fruitless and can be started in late August. The adult trees are suitable before and after the leaves have not yellowed before and after the harvest. 2. The sapling shaping walnut has strong trunk and the apical dominance of the bud is particularly obvious. The development of the terminal bud is more abundant than the lateral bud, and the canopy layer is obvious. In combination with this feature, it is advisable to adopt a trunk sparse layer shape and it is easy to shape. The shaping method is: dry height 50 to 80 cm (if the seedlings are not high enough in the year, wait until the seedling grows for one year before shaping), no trimming will be done in the year of planting, only the trunk will be straightened, and the top buds will be protected (if the end buds are protected). Damage can be replaced by a strong bud.) After germinating in the spring, the terminal buds will grow upright and will serve as the center stem. The 5 to 6 buds in the lower part of the top bud will germinate the lateral buds (the remaining buds will not germinate), 5 to 6 Three to four lateral branches with uniform growth and strong growth were selected as the main branch of the first month, and all other new shoots were wiped off. In the second year, the second main branch is cultivated according to the same method, the second layer retains 2 to 3 main branches (60 to 80 cm from the first layer), and the third main branch is selected in the third year, retaining 1 to 2 The main branch is 50 to 70 cm away from the second layer. For 1 to 4 years, the main branches need not be pruned, and they can naturally divide the lateral branches and expand the canopy. Generally 3 to 4 years, the height of the tree is about 3 to 5 meters. 3. Results tree pruning Walnut into the fruitful period, the crown is still expanding, the resulting increase in parts, prone to the contradiction between growth and results, to ensure that walnuts to achieve high and stable production is the main task of pruning during this period. Therefore, in the trimming should always pay attention to the use of good auxiliary branches and leggy branches, to develop good branches, timely treatment of the back branches and drooping branches. From the initial stage of the results, it is necessary to systematically cultivate strong result groups, continuously increase the number of results, and expand the area of ​​results. Prevent emptiness within the canopy and the outward movement of the result. After entering the fruit period, it is necessary to strengthen the training and rejuvenation of the branches. The cultivation branch group can adopt the pruning method of “putting back and shrinking first†and “removing the rear branches and leaving oblique branches and back branchesâ€. The leggy branches do not generally stay at the beginning of the results, so as not to disturb the tree shape, they can be used as branches in the full fruit period, and the branches on the back should be controlled in time so as not to affect the backbone branches and the resulting mother branches. Pendulous branches are not fully fulfilled, resulting in poor ability and nutrient consumption. They should be dealt with according to specific conditions. Fourth, artificially assisted pollination and removal of male inflorescence walnut artificial assisted pollination can increase the fruit set rate of 10 to 30%. When the stigma of the female stigma is cracked in an inverted shape, and the stigma secretes a large amount of mucus, the assisted pollination is carried out at 9 to 10 o'clock in the morning and the effect is satisfactory. During the development of male and female flowers, nutrients and moisture stored in the tree body need to be consumed. Especially when the male inflorescence grows rapidly and the female flower is largely opened, the water content of the tree body tends to become a limiting factor for the growth and development of the female flower. The male flowers can reduce the consumption of nutrients and water in the tree body, allowing more nutrients and water supply for female flower development and flowering and fruit setting, thereby increasing yield and quality, and facilitating new shoot growth and tree vigor. It is advisable to eliminate the male flowers as early as possible, and the earlier the increase in production, the more obvious. The male flower buds had the best effect from the dormancy period to the swelling period of male flowers. After the male inflorescence was obviously elongated, the spawning of males was less effective. The number of males should be determined based on the number of male flower buds and the ratio of mixed buds to female flower buds. If artificial pollination is not carried out, male flowers should not be removed too much. For more mixed shoots, fewer or fewer male flower buds, less sparse or not sparsely male flowers. The method of sparsely flowering can be combined with pruning. With a hooked wood pole, the branches can be removed by hand. V. Pest control 1. Major diseases 1.1 Walnut powdery mildew damage young leaves and shoots, causing early defoliation, and even death of seedlings, from July to August onset of disease, early onset of leaf retreat or cause macular, severe leaf distortion and shrinkage, The young shoots germinate instead of spreading leaves, and a white flake layer appears on the front or back of the leaves, and brown or black spots appear in the white powder later. Control methods (1) Continuous removal of diseased leaves, diseased branches and burning, strengthening of management to enhance tree vigor and resistance to disease. (2) In early July, Baume 0.2-0.3 degree lime sulfur was sprayed. 1.2 Walnut leaf spot mainly damage leaves, fruits and young shoots, which can cause deciduous shoots. After the leaves became sick, there appeared firstly a small round spot near the circle and a middle gray, and a small black spot with a concentric ring pattern appeared on the spot. After the lesions increased, they showed dry patches, and the lesions on the surface of the fruits were small and depressed. The tender seedlings are oval or irregularly shaped lesions. Multiple infections a year, onset from May to June, and July to August are the peaks. Control methods (1) Remove diseased leaves and combine pruning with diseased shoots, deeply buried or burned. (2) Before and after flowering and in mid-June, spray once every 2 to 200 times Bordeaux mixture or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 to 800 times. 1.3 Walnut black spot The disease is caused by a pathogenic bacteria, alias walnut black spot. The main threatening fruit, 4 to August disease. At the initial stage of fruit damage, brown oil-like micro-uplift spots appeared on the surface of the fruit. Afterwards, the lesions gradually enlarged and subsided, became dark, and the outer edges had small immersed halos. Control methods (1) Cultivate and cultivate disease-resistant varieties, (2) Maintain robust tree growth, increase disease resistance, and timely remove pathogens, diseased leaves, and other pathogens. (3) Spraying Baume 3 to 5 degrees lime sulfur before germination. May to June spraying 1? 2? 200 sold Bordeaux mixture or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 to 800 times the liquid, female flower before flowering, flowering and young fruit spray. 2. Major Insect Pest 2.1 The walnut larvae harm walnut fruits and seed kernels, and the affected fruits darken and shrink, causing early fruit drop. 1 or 2 generations a year, mature larvae in the depth of 1 to 3 cm under the canopy or weeds, stones, dead leaves in the winter, 6 to 7 months, spawning in two fruit phase At or on the petiole of the stem, the newly hatched larvae crawled into the fruit after crawling 1 to 3 times on the fruit surface, and in August it was the period of fruit loss. Prevention and treatment methods should be combined with tree control and tree control methods. (1) In winter and spring, the trees are ploughed carefully to eliminate overwintering insects. In early August, the pests on the trees were removed and concentrated. (2) The adult eclosion can be sprayed with 200-300 times of the 50% phoxim emulsion before the soil is excavated, and then shallowly covered or covered with a layer of thin soil. (3) In the oviposition period of the adult, spray the tree once every 10 to 15 days to kill D2 2000 times. 2.2 Small walnuts (also known as striae) are important pests that harm walnuts. The larvae circling in the cortex of the branches, the branches were swollen and the epidermis turned dark brown, which directly damaged the transmitting tissues, resulting in dehydration and drying of the big branches. When the larvae were severe, the whole plant died. Prevention methods (1) Strengthen cultivation and management, increase the pest resistance of the tree potential, combine pruning and cutting to remove the damaged branches before harvest, and focus on burning. (2) In the adult stage, spray 25% carbaryl wettable powder 500 times or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 800 times, and 2.5% deltamethrin emulsion 4000 times. 2.3 The common moths of the moth (commonly known as the American spicy stalk and the thorny octagonal horn) are the yellow-spotted moth, the thorax moth, the green thorn moth, and the flat moth. Feeding the lower surface epidermis and leaf mesophyll from the instar larvae, leaving only the epidermis showing a reticular opaque spot. Occurring in the south of China for 1 or 2 generations each year, adults emerged on the back of the leaf in early June and hatched from mid-July to early August. Larvae begin to harm the leaves. In late August, the mature larvae get overwintering. Prevention methods (1) In the fall, the pruning shovel is put together and buried deeply, and the emergence period of adult (in the middle and early June) is used to trap and kill adult insects with black light. Remove the colony-damaged leaf and immediately bury or dying the larvae. (2) When the larvae are severely harmed, spray 25% imidothiopyr EC 600 times or 2.5% deltamethrin Emulsion 5000 times in the larval stage.
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