Chinese herbal medicine Codonopsis pilosula is the root of the leopard of the genus Lepidoptera, the golden leopard, and the earth ginseng is also known as milk ginseng, earth goat milk, white ginseng, wild codonopsis, earth ginseng, earth ginseng, and Sichuan ginseng. Sweet, slightly bitter, warm, non-toxic, into the lungs, spleen, kidney three classics, with spleen and qi, lungs, phlegm and cough, lower milk and other effects, and the following Xiaobian to introduce a piece of Guangdong High-quality cultivation techniques of Codonopsis pilosula in the north forest.
1 morphological characteristics
Grass-wound vine, with milk, with carrot-like roots. Stems glabrous, much branched. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, with long stalk, leaf blade or heart-shaped ovate, margin serrate, rarely entire, 3–11 cm long, 2–9 cm wide, glabrous or sometimes sessate hair. Flowers single-leaved locust, each part glabrous, locules separated from ovate, 5-lobed to suborbicular, lobate ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1-–1.8––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Bell-shaped, split to middle; stamens 5; stigma 4-5, ovary and capsule 5. The berries are purplish red or black purple, spherical and about 1 cm in diameter. Seeds are small, irregular, often short-column, with a mesh-like finish on the surface.
2 Ecological habits
Codonopsis pilosula is a semi-positive perennial entwined grass vine, which is resistant to yin and yang. It is better to grow in loam and sandy loam with rich humus under forest or forest edge, especially deep loam soil. The most suitable habitat for the earthen ginseng in northern Guangdong is the secondary forest road after the felling of wood at an altitude of 800-1500 m. After the harsh winter, it was unearthed in mid-March, the flowering period was from August to September, and the fruiting period was from September to November.
3 Cultivation techniques
Earthen ginseng is rich in nutrients and delicious. The young leaves can be used as vegetables, the fruit is sweet, and it can be prolactin and anti-aging, which is very popular among people. The field is generally scattered and rarely grows in pieces. After years of cultivation experiments and observations, based on the cultivation techniques of closely related plants, on the basis of continuous practice, we have summarized the cultivation techniques of Codonopsis pilosula as follows.
3.1 Site selection and land preparation
The same as the deep-rooted plant, the Codonopsis pilosula is suitable for the selection of semi-yin, semi-yang, ventilation and light-transparent hillsides. It should be cultivated in forest soil with fertile soil, deep soil layer and high humus content. Wasteland, returning farmland to forest land can be used. In the semi-shady slopes and semi-sun slopes with sparse forests, the planting of plantings according to certain plant spacings after planting the land can also be carried out in the rows of newly planted young forests. The spacing of newly planted young plants should be appropriately increased. According to the designed plant spacing, the land preparation is carried out. Under the mountain forest, the mountain ridges with abundant water resources, deep soil layers and loose and fertile texture are selected. It is not convenient to irrigate in the mountainous area. It is best to plant after the rain; after planting, water is first poured, then the soil is dried. Moisture is poured once a day (weather is fine), poured for 1 week, or no watering (rainy days).
3.2 breeding methods
The breeding methods of Codonopsis pilosula include rhizome propagation, stem segment cutting propagation, and seed propagation, which are mainly propagated with seeds.
3.2.1 Root explanting
In the warm season at the end of the spring, the plants of the earthen ginseng with stems and leaves were excavated from the mountains, and the roots were carefully protected from damage, and then planted in a sandy humus soil 15 cm deep. Then, apply an appropriate amount of slow seedling water, so that the planting rate is about 95%.
3.2.2 stem segment cutting propagation
Earth Codonopsis is a vine-like vine. When it is on the ground, it can take root from the roots and then grow into the ground. Therefore, use the iron fork to dig out the stem segments with roots, such as cut at 3 to 5 knots, remove the lower 1 to 3 leaves, leave only the roots of the nodes, and then plant the lower ones with 1 to 3 roots. 10 cm deep in sandy humus soil. Then, apply an appropriate amount of slow seedling water, so that the planting rate is about 90%.
3.2.3 Seed propagation
The fruit matures in winter, and the animal food such as birds is very scarce this season, so the fruit of Codonopsis pilosula is easily eaten by animals. Its seeds are tiny, and when the fruit matures, the embryo is incompletely developed and easily broken down by the digestive tract of the animal, so it is very difficult to spread in the wild animals. During the storage of the fruit of Codonopsis pilosula (Lepidoptera) under the cool and ventilated conditions, the seeds are still in the fruit, prolonging the time of absorbing nutrients from the fruit and promoting the post-ripening effect of the seeds. During this period, the physiological action of the seeds maximizes the accumulation of stored matter, the free water is greatly reduced, the total acidity is reduced, the hydrolysis is becoming active, and the germination rate is weakened. The germination rate of Codonopsis pilosula seeds is closely related to the degree of post-ripening treatment and the level of endogenous germination inhibitors. Seeds with post-ripening treatment and ash soaking to weaken endogenous germination inhibitors increased the seedling emergence rate by about 50%. The experimental observations show that the ash soaking in the vegetation is beneficial to reduce the endogenous germination inhibitory substance. The germination rate of direct germination without immersion in the ash water is low, and the germination rate is low after being sown under room temperature and ventilated without post-ripening treatment. Seeds that are post-cooked and dried in the sun have a lower germination rate after sowing. The seeds of Codonopsis pilosula have a certain dormancy. By combining post-cooking treatment, soaking with grass and gray water and sowing in a suitable growth substrate, they can break their dormancy and make the seed emergence rate reach about 85%.
On the basis of understanding the physiological characteristics of the fruit and seeds of Codonopsis pilosula, the seed post-ripening treatment was used to break the dormancy. At the same time, the endogenous germination inhibitory substance was reduced by soaking in the gray water of the grass, the seedling emergence rate of the soil Codonopsis pilosula seeds was improved, and the seed seedlings needed for artificial cultivation were solved. The problem is that it can carry out artificial cultivation and breeding through sowing to meet the needs of commercial production.
3.3 transplanting
Prepare the mantle in advance, and firstly turn the soil into the ground, and bury the surface litter in the mantle about 30cm deep. When transplanting, the whole nutrition bag and the soil Codonopsis pilosula seedlings are planted into the mantle. Because there are small holes around the nutrient belt, the roots of the earthen ginseng can stick out the nutrition bag from the nutrition bag, and the bag planting is beneficial to protect the root from damage. .
The row spacing of transplanting was about 50 cm, and the plant spacing was 10-15 cm. Transplanting base fertilizer 400-600kg per mu of organic fertilizer. Spread the fertilizer evenly at the bottom of the hole, and then cover the soil about 5~8cm, then plant the nutrient belt with the soil Codonopsis seedlings into the excavated hole. The surface of the nutrition bag and the surface of the mantle are slightly lower into a nest, which is conducive to collecting rainwater and irrigation. . After planting, you should pour an appropriate amount of slow seedling water.
3.4 Technical measures
3.4.1 cultivating and weeding. After transplanting and germination, it is necessary to cultivate loose soil and weed in time. After transplanting the seedlings, cover them with hay or leaves to maintain moisture, reduce weed growth, and promote root growth.
3.4.2 vines framed. The earthen ginseng stems are slender and need to be entangled and grown, so it is necessary to lay the vines, and the height is 0.5 to 1.5 m. The scaffolding is conducive to spreading the leaves and increasing the light area, which is conducive to the growth of the soil Codonopsis. At the same time, the soil is ventilated and breathable, and the bacteria are difficult to breed.
3.4.3 Drainage. The rainy season is from March to August in the mountainous area of ​​northern Guangdong. At this time, attention should be paid to drainage and flood control. September to February is the dry season, and it should be watered in time in case of dry weather.
3.4.4 Fertilization. Because the base fertilizer is sufficient, fertilization is only carried out in the autumn, which is conducive to the promotion of root growth and fruit fullness. It mainly uses the organic fertilizer produced by the chicken manure produced by raising mountain chickens. It is sprinkled with about 30g of organic fertilizer in a triangle about 10cm away from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula, and then watered in the morning or evening to let the thin fertilizer flow slowly. The soil is supplied to the Codonopsis.
3.5 pest control
The vines and branches of the upper part of the earth ginseng often have leaf blight under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity in the late summer in northern Guangdong. The base emphasizes that pesticides should not be applied as much as possible to create an organic environment. Before the arrival of the high temperature and high humidity season, the base will Some vines and branches are cut off to increase the ventilation and light transmission, preventing and reducing the occurrence of leaf blight. Once leaf blight and rust occur, the base only cuts the infected vines in the sun, then incinerates, and rarely uses pesticides.
The roots of the underground part of the earthen ginseng are often bitten by cockroaches, golden worms and ground tigers, jeopardizing the young roots. For the control of cockroaches and golden worms, the method of irrigating roots can be used to find the larvae, and then irrigate with 90% trichlorfon 1200 times or 75% phoxim 1000-1500 times, dry season, 150g per plant, wet season 100 g per plant. Or use 85% of endosulfan 3kg per acre, add 60kg of powdery dry soil and stir it evenly on the topsoil near the plant to eliminate it. For the prevention and control of tigers, 80% of the 100% trichlorfon wettable powder and 5kg of fried bean cake per acre are mixed with water and mixed into a poison bait. In the evening, it can be applied to the surface of the mantle near the root seedling to kill its larvae.
3.6 Forest land planting
The natural growth test of forest land planting was carried out in the Patio Mountain Forest Farm in Guangdong Province and the Tongziyang Forest Farm in Beidou Town, Fengshun County. In the semi-shady slope and semi-sunny slope where the forest is sparse, the weeds are cleaned and the ground is planted at a planting distance of 30-50 cm or planted in the rows of newly planted young forests. After the planting of the Codonopsis pilosula, no tending, no fertilization, no pesticides, the initial use of bamboo poles to take a low simple frame. Let go of growth.
The cultivation of woodland grows naturally, and the yield is slightly lower than that of flat cultivation. However, due to the lack of any management after planting, it is close to natural growth, making the cultivation of soil Codonopsis more organic.
3.7 Harvest of Earth Codonopsis
Stems and leaves: From May to June in the spring, picking tender vines and stems can be used as wild vegetables.
Fruit: Soil Codonopsis pilosula is resistant to storage and storage. It can be found that it will not rot and deteriorate within 2 months at 6~10°C, but there is a slight sign of water loss. The indoor cool place can be stored in the box; Dry and store in a cool dry place.
Root: After 3 years of transplanting the earthen ginseng, the root of the fresh single earthen ginseng can weigh 20~50g, suitable for edible and medicinal. We refer to the experience of harvesting relative plants. After the autumn frost, the roots are dug. When the roots are dug, the roots should be taken as much as possible to make the roots intact and separated in size. If it is too small, it can be transplanted with the base fertilizer and harvested next year. Because the folks mainly use glutinous soup, it is nourishing and nourishing. In addition to direct listing and processing, the earthen ginseng can also be stored in the oysters and listed in the winter, which is conducive to regulating the market demand. When hoarding, you can use the wet sand to bury the roots, keep it at a low temperature, and ventilate frequently to adjust the moisture in the mantle, which is conducive to prolonging the storage time.
4 Economic and ecological benefits
Codonopsis pilosula is suitable for planting under the forest of the secondary forest and growing together with the small forest trees. Planting should not be too dense, 500g per acre, 3 years after the production of fresh products 300 ~ 500kg, the unit price of 15 ~ 20 yuan / kg, a total of 6000 ~ 10,000 yuan. On the one hand, the ginseng cultivated soil has increased the income, on the other hand, it has increased the forestry forest under the forest, which is conducive to increasing the ecosystem of the secondary forests in the mountainous areas of northern Guangdong.
The above is the whole content of the technical points of the cultivation of Codonopsis pilosula. The polysaccharides of Codonopsis pilosula are rich in content, and have a variety of biological activities, suitable for both medicine and food, and have good prospects for development and utilization.
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