"Autophagy mechanism" brings new hopes against aging
October 10, 2016 Source: Technology Daily -
Window._bd_share_config={ "common":{ "bdSnsKey":{ },"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":" 0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{ }};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')) .src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded the Great Ceremony because he discovered the “autophagy mechanismâ€. This is an evolutionarily conserved process in which eukaryotic cells can be partially recirculated by delivering double membrane vesicles to lysosomes. Unlike other cell degeneration mechanisms, autophagy removes aging or damaged proteins, macromolecular complexes, and organelles, leaving room for new physiological processes. In addition, autophagy is a key cellular process that removes invading microbes and toxic protein aggregates and therefore plays an important role in combating infection, aging and many human diseases.
Although autophagy was confirmed in the 1960s, scientists still know very little about its mechanisms and physiological significance in the next few decades. The work of Daxie Liangdian has dramatically changed the understanding of this important cellular process.
In 1993, Otsuka's good work published his pioneering findings in 15 genes in yeast. Subsequently, he cloned these genes in yeast and mammalian cells and elucidated the function of the encoded protein. Based on the groundbreaking discovery of Daxie Liangdian, the importance of autophagy in human physiology and disease is now widely recognized.
Limited research progress after the concept of autophagy
In the middle of the last century, the researchers found that there is a membrane structure containing degenerating cytoplasm in normal rat hepatocytes, but its abundance is greatly increased after perfusion of glucagon or exposure to toxic substances.
In 1963, after recognizing the ability of this structure to digest part of the contents of the cell, Christine? Germany? Diff created the term "self-phasing" and discussed the concept extensively in published articles. A few years later, based on observations by electron microscopy, scientists discovered that this autophagy also exists in mammalian cells.
It was subsequently found that autophagy itself is at a low level, but this phenomenon is exacerbated during differentiation and remodeling of various tissues including brain, intestine, kidney, lung, liver, prostate, skin and thyroid. It is speculated that autophagy may respond to hunger or disease onset. In addition, in addition to autophagy in single-cell eukaryotes, this mechanism has also been found in post-animals such as amoeba, eye worms, tetrahymena, insects and frogs.
In the following decades, progress in this area has been limited. There are many indications that autophagy may be an important cellular process, but its mechanism and rules are not well understood. The autophagy process is actually transient and only exists within about 10-20 minutes of fusion with lysosomes, making related morphological and biochemical studies very difficult.
Until the early 1990s, nearly 30 years later, many fundamental problems still cannot be confirmed: How does the autophagy process start? How is autophagosome formed? How important is autophagy to the survival of cells and organisms? What role does autophagy play in human disease?
Autophagy mechanism found in yeast
The Associate Professor of the University of Tokyo, Otsuka, decided to use baker's yeast as a model system to study autophagy. After testing for the autophagy in yeast cells, he developed a method to identify and identify key genes involved in these processes. He named the first mutant gene as autophagy gene 1 (APG1), followed by A series of genes essential for the autophagy mechanism of eukaryotic cells were reported and named APG1-APG15. With the new autophagy genes identified in yeast and other species, ATG as a generic abbreviation has been used consistently in subsequent academic research.
In the next few years, Otsuka has cloned the ATG gene and described the functions of a range of protein products, including demonstrating in the laboratory that autophagy can be involved in mediating the metabolic balance between cell material synthesis, degradation, and reuse. Biological life processes are particularly important in responding to hunger and so on.
The pioneering research of Daxie Liangdian has aroused scientists' great interest in autophagy. This field has become one of the hottest areas of biomedical research, and the number of related publications has increased significantly since 2000.
Widely affected by health and disease
The autophagy properties of the molecule provide a new perspective for understanding the physiological processes of cells and are becoming an important way to understand various physiological and pathological states. Deregulation of autophagy is directly or indirectly related to human disease, and the use of autophagy mechanisms for therapeutic interventions has become a particularly interesting scientific goal.
The first autophagy associated with important diseases comes from the autophagy gene Beclin-1, which is the product of the BECN1 gene, which in turn is a homologue of the yeast ATG6, whose mutations largely contribute to human breast cancer. And ovarian cancer. This discovery has spurred scientists' great interest in autophagy in cancer.
Subsequent studies have shown that some recessive human chromosomal diseases are associated with impaired autophagy, leading to brain malformations, developmental delays, mental retardation, epilepsy, dyskinesia, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, autophagy can eliminate invading microorganisms and is an important mechanism for activating immune responses and controlling infectious diseases. (
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