Scrophulariaceae Alias ​​ginseng, Scrophulariaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Scrophulariaceae perennial herb. Traditional Chinese medicine uses root medicine as the main ingredient, including alkaloids, sugars and amino acids, and volatile oils. It is sweet, bitter and salty, and slightly cold. With Ziyin blood pressure, Runzao Sheng Jin, Jiedu Liyan and other functions. Attending fever and polydipsia, sore throat, Yin Huo-wang, hot flashes, night sweats, red eyes, insomnia, lymphatic tuberculosis, Tianjin deficiency constipation and so on. Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Guizhou, Hunan and other places.
1. Morphological characteristics and habits
1.1 Morphological characteristics Scrophulariaceae plant height 50-150cm. Root ellipsoid or spindly, yellow-brown, often bifurcate. Stems erect, 4-angled. Leaves opposite, leaf blade ovate-elliptic, apex acuminate, base rounded, margin obtusely serrate, with sparsely scattered hairs below. Cymes, conical, inflorescences and pedicels with distinct glandular hairs, calyx 5-lobed; corolla brown-purple; stamens 4, strong; ovary superior, 2-celled, style slender. Capsule oval, seed oval, dark brown, with 10 vertical and horizontal lines. Flowering from July to August, fruiting from August to September.
1.2 Growth habit Scrophulariaceae is a deep-rooted plant, hi warm and humid climate, drought-tolerant and cold-resistant. When the temperature began to rise at 12°C, the growth and development of stems and leaves was faster at 20-27°C. After the peaks of growth and development in the above ground, the growth of the roots gradually accelerated. The 21-26°C was the optimum period for root growth and development, and the roots became thicker and thicker. Weight gain. The growth period of Scrophulariae is from March to November, of which, the seedling stage is from March to May, the stem and leaf stage is from May to July, and the root swelling stage is from July to September (the underground roots grow rapidly, and a large amount of dry matter is accumulated. 15-25cm in length, 2-3cm in root diameter, and 5-20 buds. After 10 months, the aboveground part begins to turn yellow and fall. Seed germination temperature is 30 °C, but the germination rate is low, life expectancy is 1-2 years.
2. Cultivation Techniques
2.1 Selection of soil preparation Scrophulariaceae has strong adaptability to the soil, and it can be cultivated in plains, hills, and low slopes. However, it is appropriate to use sandy loam with deep soil, loose fertility, and good drainage, which is rich in humus. Soils with low virulent weight and poor drainage have poor plant growth and perishable roots and should not be planted. Former crops should avoid Atractylodes macrocephala to reduce the disease. Before the site preparation, first apply high-quality organic fertilizer 60,000-7.5 million kg/ha, ternary compound fertilizer 750-900 kg/ha, deep plowing 25-30 cm, and grind finely. In the northern area, there are many ridges and the width of ridge bottom is 60cm. In the south, there are many ridges, which are 20-25cm high, 120-140cm wide and 25-30cm. The arable land is suitable for ridge cultivation.
2.2 Breeding Methods Mainly used for bud propagation (also called root buds, buds), but also for seed propagation.
2.2.1 Sprout breeding. In the South, winter crops are often used, that is, planting in mid-December to mid-January of the following year. Earliest planting of root systems, robust plants, and high yields; northern plants are grown from mid-to-late February to mid-April. Before planting, disease-free, stout, and white buds were selected as the seedlings, and the depth was 8-10cm for holes with 40-50cm spacing, 35-40cm spacing between the plants. Put one bud per hole, bud head up, cover soil 3cm, slightly suppress. The amount of sprouts used is 750-900kg/ha. 2.2.2 Seed breeding. Autumn or spring broadcast. In the south, sowing in autumn and winter, the seedlings in the field winter, the cultivation can be harvested in 1 year; the north should be nursed in early spring, to the mid-May seedling height 5-6cm when the planting, can also be harvested that year. However, due to the small seed propagation roots, low yield, and poor quality, they are rarely used in production.
2.3 Field Management
2.3.1 Cultivate and weed. After the emergence of cultivator timely weeding to keep the soil loose, no weeds. The cultivator should not be too deep to avoid injury. It usually starts in mid-April and ends in mid-June, with a total of 3-4 times. After ridge closure, no more cultivator.
2.3.2 Top dressing. Generally top dressing 3 times. The first time after the seedlings were established, 12,000 to 15,000 kg/ha of human excrement was applied; at the seedling height of 30 cm, the second compound fertilizer was recovered at 225-300 kg/ha; the third time was in mid- and late July. Shi Sanyuan compound fertilizer 600-750kg/ha. Each time after top dressing, water should be used to fully exert the fertilizer effect.
2.3.3 earth care buds. Scrophulariaceae buds grow too shallow, easily exposed to the ground, affecting the swelling of the roots. Soil protection can protect the bud head, increase the number of white buds, reduce flower buds, red buds and buds, improve bud head quality, but also play a role in maintaining fertilizer, fixing plants, protecting from wind damage, and protecting drought and drought. The soil is grown in mid-June, and the hoe can be used to plant the soil next to the plant.
2.3.4 irrigation and drainage. Seedlings and seedlings should be kept moist and watered during droughts. Ditches should be drained during the rainy season to prevent accumulation of water.
2.3.5 In addition to hitting the top. The spring seedlings were unearthed. Each plant was selected to have a robust main stem and the remaining buds were cut. When plants grow inflorescence in July-August, they should be removed in time to concentrate nutrients, promote root growth, and increase yield.
2.4 Diseases and Insect Pests The main pests and diseases are spot blotch, blight, and spider mites. Spot blotch can be controlled with 50% thiophanate-methyl 800-1000 times, 75% chlorothalonil 500-600 times, 70% mancozeb 500-800 times; 77% of white fleas can kill 500 - 800 times liquid, 50% carbendazim 500 times control; insect red spider with 40% dimethoate 800 times, 1.0% avermectin 2000 times, 15% broom net 1000 times liquid control.
3 harvest processing
3.1 Harvesting Buds are propagated with buds and then harvested before and after the frost falls and when the aboveground areas wither. When they are propagated with seeds, they are harvested before and after the frost falls in the 2nd and 3rd years. Before the harvest, cut the stems from the ground and dig out the roots. Take off the buds and cut the roots for processing.
3.2 Processing The harvested roots are spread on a drying field, exposed for 4-6 days, and often turned to heat evenly. Cover and cover in the evening to prevent frost. When the sun is half dry, the head and fibrous roots are trimmed to make them "sweat," causing the inside of the roots to become black, and then re-exposure after 4-6 days. This is repeated until the skin is dry and ready for medicinal use. In case of rain, it can be dried and the temperature is controlled at 40-50°C. When it is dry to a half-dry, it will be stuffed for a few days and then "sweat" and bake until the roots are completely black. Generally, it can produce fresh products 11250-15000kg/ha, dry rate about 20%, can produce dry products 2250-3000kg/ha, high output can reach 6000kg/ha. Thick, solid, black, no impurities, no insects, no mildew.
4 Seed-retaining techniques When harvesting, select disease-free, robust, white, and 3-4 cm long buds (buds) as shoots, and then place the buds from the roots (reeds) and place them on the indoor stall. Put 1-2 days, then select high-drying, well-drained areas in the outdoor, dig deep 30-40cm pit storage, the north can be deeper or directly stored in the cellar. The bottom of the pit is paved with straw, and then the seed buds are put into the pits. They are 35-40cm thick, piled into a hoe-shaped head, covered with soil 7-8cm, and gradually added with soil or covered grass as the temperature drops to prevent the shoots from freezing. Drainage ditch should be opened around the pit. Generally, each pit can store 100-150kg of buds. During the storage period, it must be checked and found to be rotten, germinated or hairy roots, which should be promptly removed.
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