Symptoms have occurred in winter and spring rapeseed cultivation areas in China. The damage to winter canola in the Yangtze River basin and the southeast coast was heavy. It can occur throughout the reproductive period, and the most serious period occurs during the solid period. Stems, leaves, flowers, and pods can all be affected. The stems are the most affected. In the stem, the disease begins with a light brown water-stained lesion, which develops into a rosy-striped, long-striped spot with brown edges. When the humidity is high, white cotton hyphae appear occasionally, and black sclerotia are occasionally found. Rotten into the cavity, endogenously many black mouse fecal nucleus. After the epidermis of the diseased stem is cracked, hemp-like fibers are exposed, and the stems are easily broken. The stem above the diseased part is wilting and dead. The leaves began to be irregularly immersed in water, and formed a nearly round to irregular shape. The lesions were yellow-brown in the center, dark cyan in the periphery, and pale yellow in the periphery. Sometimes the rims on the lesions were obvious, and white cotton was grown when the humidity was high. Hairy hyphae, easy to perforate diseased leaves. Petals became immersed in water at the beginning of the disease, gradually changing to pale, and then rotted. The pods were infected with water-stained brown spots, and then turned gray, and the seeds were thin and dull.
The pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is called Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, belonging to the genus Ascomycotina. The sclerotia are irregular in shape and resemble mouse-like feces. They turn gray after the initial white, and gray inside. After sclerotial germination, 1 or more long, fleshy tan disk-like ascariform discs are formed, with a layer of ascus and lateral filaments on the disc, a colorless stick-like ascaria, and 8 cells containing colorless ascospores. Silk is colorless, filiform and sandwiched between ascarias.
Transmission routes and conditions The pathogens are mainly mixed with sclerotia in the soil or attached to the seed-collecting strains, and mixed in the seeds for winter or summer. A few sclerotia germinate in the winter sown rapeseed in southern China in October-December, causing the seedlings to become infected. Most sclerotia occur.
It germinates between March and April of the following year, resulting in a sub-population. Rapeseed in northern China germinates between March and May. After mature, the ascospore will pop out from the ascendant and spread through the air flow, infecting the senescent leaves and petals, growing mycelia, causing the host tissue to decay and discolor. The pathogen spreads from the leaves to the petiole, and then invades the stem. It can also be repeatedly infected through disease, healthy tissue contact or adhesion. In the later growth stage, sclerotia form winter or summer. The mycelial growth and sclerotia are suitable for 0-30°C, the optimum temperature is 20°C, and the relative humidity is more than 85%. Sclerotia do not sleep, 5-20 °C and higher soil moisture can germinate, of which the best 15 °C. Sclerotia can survive for 1 year in wet soil and 3 years in dry soil. Ascospores can germinate at 0-35°C, but with 5-10°C, the germination takes 48 hours to complete. When the number of sclerotia is large, the prevalence of diseases depends on the amount of rainfall during the flowering period of rapeseed. The rainfall in ten days exceeds 50 mm, and the incidence is heavy. If the incidence is less than 30 mm, the incidence is light, and if it is less than 10 mm, it is difficult to be affected. In addition, continuous cropping or application of organic fertilizer is not fully decomposed, sowing too dense, partial application of nitrogen fertilizer susceptible to disease. Low-lying terrain, poor drainage or moisture retention, lodging of plants, frequent cold-cold-flow attacks in early spring or heavy frost damage.
According to the characteristics of the disease, prevention and control methods should be combined with agricultural control and chemical control to control its prevalence. (1) The rotation of rice-oil rotation or dry land rapeseed and grass crops for more than two years of rotation can reduce the source of bacteria. (2) In the rainy areas, the narrow-ditch deep-groove cultivation method is promoted, which is conducive to anti-drainage of spring drains, timely drainage after rain, and prevention of moisture retention. (3) Selection of resistant and resistant varieties. Such as Qinyou No.2, Zhongshuang No.4, Rongyou No.3, Jiangyan No.1, Yuyou No.2, Yanyou No.4, Glycerin No.5, No.12, No.13, No.2 No.2, No.2 oyster sauce No.13, No.14, Youyan No.7, No.2 No.2, No.12, No.13, No.13, No.82, No.10, No.10, No.23, No.10, No.10, No.12, No.10, No.10, No.2, No.2, No.2, No.2, No.3, No. (4) Seed treatment before sowing, seed selection with 10% saline, elimination of floating disease seeds and small sclerotia, the selected seeds are allowed to dry and sowed. (5) Choose the seedbed in September each year to cultivate short-sturdy seedlings, change crops and transplant them at a proper time, and achieve reasonable close planting. Hybrid rapeseeds are planted at 667m2 and planted with 10000-12000 strains. (6) The use of formula fertilization technology, promote the application of fermented compost compost or decomposed organic fertilizer, to avoid partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and boron and manganese and other trace elements to prevent flowering and scarring period growth, lodging or premature aging defertilization , Time cultivator or Qinggou soil, flowering time to remove yellow leaves, Laoji in a timely manner to prevent the spread of pathogens, improve the ventilation and light conditions between the plants, reduce the incidence. (7) Chemical control. Rice oil cultivation area focused on two prevention and control. One is the asparagus disk sprouting period, spraying asparagus and ascospores on the fields surrounding the field of rapeseed field in the rice field, and the second is spraying rapeseed field and rapeseed field in the first and second rapeseed flowering period in March. % carbendazim ultrafine powder 1000 times or 40% polysulfide suspension 400 times, followed by a second control 7 days later. In addition, 12.5% ​​Zhiwei Lingshui agent 500 times or 40% Weiling powder 1000 times, and 50% compound Sclerotium net wettable powder 1000 times can also be used. Can also be used Fengning 100g of water 15-20L, the roots of rapeseed dip in the pot after the colonization. Promote the application of fungus Wang Fei 200ml, with 50% anti-mildew treasure 600g mixed with 60L of water, in the early flowering stage to prevent Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, control effect of 85%. Can also be sprayed in the early stage of rapeseed flower 20% anti-mildew slow-release microcapsule agent 667m2 medication 40g, control effect is better than carbendazim, gibberella clear and so on. (8) Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum have good effects in biological control and are expected to be popularized.
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