Scientists at the University of Cambridge have succeeded in creating a structure similar to mouse embryos during the culture process by using two stem cells and a three-dimensional scaffold. Related articles were published online on March 1st in Science.
1. Embryonic development involves three kinds of stem cells
After mammalian fertilization, three embryonic stem cells appear, and embryonic stem cells (ESC) accumulate at one end of the blastocyst and later develop into the body. The other two types of stem cells: one is extra-embryonic trophoblastic stem cells (TSC), which will form the placenta; in addition, the primitive endoderm stem cells form a so-called yolk sac, ensuring normal development of the fetus and providing essential nutrients to the organs.
Previous attempts to breed embryos have only limited success in the structure of embryonic stem cells. This is because early embryonic development requires different types of cells to closely match each other.
2, using two stem cells and three-dimensional scaffold to raise embryonic tissue
However, this study, published in Science, combines embryonic stem cells ESC and TSC with transgenic mice, along with a three-dimensional scaffold as an extracellular matrix, to grow into a self-assemblable structure. Its development and structure are very close to natural embryos.
The team compared their artificial embryos to normal-developed embryos, indicating that their development follows the same pattern: stem cells are organized, embryonic stem cell ESCs are at one end, and extraembryonic trophoblastic stem cells TSCs are at the other end. Then the amniotic cavity of embryonic development appears.
On the left is a 96-hour mouse "embryo" made by stem cells, and on the right is a mouse culture after 48 hours of culture. Red is the embryo part.
Researchers say that although this artificial embryo is very similar to a real embryo, it cannot be further developed into a healthy fetus. To do this, it may require a third form of stem cells, which will allow the development of the yolk sac, which also has a vascular network that provides nutrients to the embryo. In addition, the system has not been optimized for proper development of the placenta.
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