Sesame, also known as linseed, is rich in protein and vitamins and iron, calcium, sesame and other phenols. It is rich in nutrients and rich in aroma. It is an indispensable ingredient in making cakes and specialty foods. Sesame oil is a rare edible oil. Sesame is a warm crop, and July is the best time for sesame seeding. Sesame is suitable for cultivation in sandy soil blocks with loose soil and good drainage. The whole growth period is generally 85 to 95 days, and the yield per mu is 80 to 100 kg.
Sesame seeds are available in black and white. Black sesame production is higher than white sesame, but oil content is less than white sesame. The main sesame varieties currently grown are: Toshiba No. 8 and Toshiba No. 10. Both varieties are white sesame seeds, generally 80 kg per mu, and high yields of up to 100 kg. The whole growth period is about 90 days, and the above two varieties are selected by the hybridization of the Oil Crop Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
There is also a local farmer's variety of black sesame seeds. The color of the seeds is black and bright, and the aroma is strong. The average yield per mu is 100 kilograms, and the whole growth period is about 95 days. Sesame should be rotated with soybeans, corn, and peanuts, and should not be linked to facilitate the disease.
Sesame seeds are small, and the amount of seeds used is 300 grams. Before the sowing, it should be done in fine soil preparation, and the base fertilizer should be applied. For the more acidic soil, 50-100 kg of lime should be applied to adjust the soil pH to promote the normal growth of sesame. Choose sunny day sowing to prevent soil compaction after rain. In order to make the seeding uniform, the seed mixing coke ash sowing method is generally adopted, that is, the seed is mixed into the fine mud or the coke ash, and the mixture is thoroughly mixed, and the seeding method is adopted, and the seed is used after the seeding, and the soil is not re-raised.
After emergence, the seedlings are 2~3 times, the first seedlings are carried out in a pair of true leaves, and the seedlings are fixed in 3~4 pairs of true leaves. When the seedlings are in the middle, they have to go to small to stay big and weak to stay strong. Density of seedlings: The number of branch-type varieties is about 10,000, and the number of single-rod varieties is about 15,000.
After the seedlings are planted, it is necessary to cultivate the alfalfa 2 to 3 times in time, and combine the clearing of the soil to achieve loose soil, eliminate weeds and prevent lodging. In the bud stage, sesame seeds should be applied with flower bud fertilizer. Generally, 10 kg of urea is applied to the stalk, and the root dressing is carried out with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate at the flowering stage, which increases the grain weight and oil content and increases the yield. Good effect.
The main diseases of sesame are: blight, anthracnose and powdery mildew. When it occurs, it can be controlled by carbendazim, thiophanate, and mancozeb. The pests mainly include tigers, aphids, and night moths. When they occur, they can be chlorpyrifos. Imidacloprid pesticide control.
When the fruit of sesame turns from cyan to yellow, it means that the seeds can be harvested when they are ripe. At the time of harvest, cut at 5 cm near the ground, bundle into a handle, and build a bracket for each of the three, and erect the sun. When most of the fruit is cracked, it is threshed, then removed and then sun-dried. Generally, it can be removed three times. In order to obtain high-quality and high-yield sesame seeds, in addition to the use of excellent varieties, it is necessary to carry out reasonable topdressing, and to master the time and method of topdressing;
Seedling stage: Due to the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer at the bottom, it is easy to make the seedlings grow and form high seedlings. Therefore, only some nitrogen fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer in the sesame seedling stage. The masses have the saying that "seeing seedlings and fattening". When the seedlings are very poor or the seedlings differ in size, the seedling fertilizer can be applied in small amounts to dilute the mature manure or urea. Because the sesame root system is shallow at this time, it should be applied shallowly when fertilizing.
The bud stage: This period is the flower bud differentiation period. The sesame vegetative growth and reproductive growth go hand in hand at the same time. Topdressing should be based on nitrogen fertilizer, supplemented by phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Boron fertilizer should be applied in areas where boron is absent.
Flowering stage: The sesame seeds grow most rapidly during the flowering stage, and the nutrients absorbed in this period account for 70%-80% of the whole growth period. In order to meet the needs of plant growth and development, the sesame grows vigorously, accumulates more photosynthetic products, increases the number of flower buds, and the long-term stability does not prematurely decay, so that the grain is full and full, and the flower fertilizer must be re-applied. At this time, the lateral roots have begun to form in large quantities, the absorption capacity of the root system is enhanced, the growth rate of the plants is accelerated, and the demand for nutrients is also significantly increased. It is convenient to use fertilizer when fertilizing, and it is also possible to apply decomposed cake fertilizer, manure, and manure.
The fertilization method in the above periods is as follows: when the seeding is carried out, about 10 cm away from the sesame plant, the ditch strip is applied or applied, and the soil layer is applied to a depth of 10 cm to absorb the roots and apply the soil after the application; according to the test, each acre is applied. For the same fertilizer, shallow application (10 to 13 cm) is about 11% higher than deep application (25 cm). In the case of spreading, the decomposed cake fertilizer or granular urea can be mixed with soil, and then cultivating the soil to cover up the soil. When the weather is dry, water should be sprayed after application to fully exert the fertilizer effect.
In the flowering period from the beginning to the full bloom, the root dressing can also be carried out as follows: On a sunny afternoon, the leaves are sprayed with 0.3% to 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and sprayed three times, every 5 to 6 days. After spraying, it should be re-sprayed in case of rain.
Sesame has a high economic value and is one of the important edible oil crops in China. The planting area of ​​Shandong Province is over 20,000 hectares. In order to obtain high yield and stable yield of sesame, the following key technologies must be mastered: Rotational sesame avoidance. Sesame has many diseases, and the pathogens are mostly soil-borne. It is easy to be infected when continuous cropping, soil fertility declines, and yield is reduced. The rotation cycle is better in 3 to 5 years.
Deep ploughing is beneficial to the growth and development of sesame roots, increasing the content of available nutrients in the soil, reducing disease and increasing yield. The depth of ploughing is preferably 25 to 30 cm. Sorghum is not resistant to sesame seeds, and sorghum is good for sesame growth. The standard of sorghum: 畦 width 140 cm, sulcus width 30 cm, groove depth 15-20 cm. In addition, in the rainy and continuous weather, it is necessary to clear the ditch in time to prevent smashing.
The sesame seed is scented and sesame is warm. The spring sesame seeding is suitable for mid-May. The summer sesame seeds can be planted 10 to 15 days before the wheat harvest. The live broadcast after wheat should be done in time to strive for early sowing. Reasonable close planting of single-stalk sesame seeds, planting density of 1 to 12,000 plants per 667 square meters (1 mu). For branched sesame seeds, the planting density is about 0.8 million per 667 square meters.
Fertilizer base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. At the beginning of flowering period, the application of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is generally 5-10 kg per 667 square meters of urea. After the initial flowering period, sesame enters the vigorous growth period, which is the peak period of fertilizer requirement. The initial flowering period has been applied with fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be applied at the initial flowering stage, and the potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with a concentration of 0.4% is continuous for 3 to 5 days. Spray twice, each time 150 to 250 grams of fertilizer per 667 square meters.
The initial flowering period of the initial flowering period is 7-8 kg per 667 square meters of urea, and the yield increase effect is very obvious. Appropriate amount of micro-fertilizers such as zinc, manganese and boron are sprayed, which has obvious effect of increasing yield. Pest control for sesame diseases, such as stem dryness, green grass, root rot, etc., especially stem blight, the year of heavy rain is serious, reducing production or even harvest. If carbendazim can be sprayed once in the seedling stage, early flowering stage and full flowering stage, the control effect is good. At the same time, pay close attention to the control of aphids, hawk moths and other pests.
Topping without topping can save nutrients, make sesame seeds full, and increase yield and quality. The single-stalk type can be removed at the end of flowering, when the top buds stop growing, and when the sturdy "yellow tip" appears. Branch type can be topped appropriately in advance, first branching after the main stem. If the leaves are hit, the photosynthetic products are bound to decrease, resulting in poor quality and low yield. Therefore, it is absolutely impossible to fight the leaves.
Strengthen field management after emergence and time seedlings, seedlings, seedlings, and seedlings. Stop cultivating after flowering to avoid falling flowers and roots. It is necessary to pay attention to the drainage and anti-staining. If it is drought, it should be watered immediately. It is better to water in the morning or evening. Harvesting at the right time should be carried out on a cloudy day or in the morning. After harvesting, bundle a small amount and dry and thresh in time. After threshing, it is dried and decontaminated to obtain pure sesame seeds. When the water content of the seeds falls below 9%, it can be safely stored.
In order to obtain higher yields of summer sesame seeds, it is necessary to apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in a timely manner. Pay attention to the principles of stability, standardization, and triviality when fertilizing.
A stable, that is, fertilization in the seedling stage should be stable. Summer sesame seeds grow slowly, and the ability of roots to absorb nutrients is weak. If the bottom fertilizer is insufficient, the seedlings will be thin. The seedlings should be applied as early as possible, but the amount of fertilizer should be small, otherwise it will easily cause high seedlings.
Second quasi-, that is, the bud period of the bud period must be accurate. Summer sesame seeds are buds to the early flowering stage, and the growth rate is obviously accelerated. At this time, if the topdressing is timely, the flower bud differentiation can be promoted and the number of crusting can be increased.
Three scorpions, that is, the flowering period to be fattened. During the flowering period of summer sesame, it blooms, matures and matures at the maturity stage, and the demand for fertilizer increases sharply. This stage of topdressing can reduce the tip and grain of the yellow sesame in summer, and increase the weight of 1000-grain. Generally, the topdressing period should be early, and should be applied twice: 10 days after the initial flowering, 2 to 3 kg of pure nitrogen should be applied per mu, and 3 to 5 kg of pure nitrogen should be applied per mu after 10 days of crusting. .
In order to meet the large demand for phosphorus and potassium fertilizer during the flowering period, 2 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 1 kg of potassium fertilizer can be used per mu, and 50 kg of water is used. After mixing, the clear liquid is sprayed, and the effect of increasing yield is obvious.
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