1 Distribution and physiological effects of copper in pigs
Copper is one of the essential trace elements of pigs. Its content in the body is about 2-3 mg per kilogram of body weight. Copper is mostly found in muscle and liver. In addition, copper also has a certain content in brain and myocardium. Copper is mainly present in protein-bound form, such as hepatic copper protein, brain copper protein, and cardiac copper protein. The liver has a certain storage and tolerance to copper. When the daily dietary copper is higher than the required amount, the content of hepatic copper increases as the amount of dietary copper increases; when the daily dietary copper is lower than the required amount, the hepatic copper content changes and Not great. The hepatic copper level of newborn piglets was higher than that of adult pigs, and the hepatic copper gradually decreased until a stable level (10-15 mg/kg dry weight).
Copper is an enzyme component, and at least 14 enzymes in the body contain copper, for example, CuZnSOD, ceruloplasmin, monoamine oxidase, cytochrome C oxidase, uric acid oxidase, amino acid oxidase, Tyrosinase, lysine oxidase, indoleamine oxidase, diamine oxidase, metallothionein, ascorbate oxidase, galactosidase, 9-position carbon dehydrogenase. In the absence of copper, the activity of these enzymes will be reduced, and a series of deficiencies, such as skin and coat color loss, will result in a decrease in the ability of the enzyme to catalyze tyrosine to form melanin due to a decrease in tyrosinase activity, resulting in a decrease in skin color. Can maintain the normal metabolism of iron, is conducive to the synthesis of hemoglobin and red blood cell maturation; copper can maintain the body's immune function, improve the function of alkaline T lymphocytes and white blood cells, the body's copper deficiency will reduce the blood IgG, IgA and IgM (Liu Tiechun, (1989), and can lead to a decrease in the response of antibody-producing cells, thereby reducing the body's immune function; copper also has the effect of promoting growth. The current relatively unanimous view is that copper promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms by inhibiting the harmful microbial flora of the intestine, similar to the antibacterial effect of antibiotics.
2 Copper application in pig production
2.1 Effect of Copper on Pork Production Performance Cu Since 1955, the British Barber et al. first reported that the normal amount of feed added Cu 10 times (250 mg/kg, copper sulphate) can accelerate the growth of growing pigs, and improve feed utilization, A large number of studies conducted by various countries confirm this conclusion. Pang Bingjun (1989), Kornehay (1989), Cromwell (1992), Liu Yu (1992), Jiang Yubing (1994), Liu Guilin (1994) and others in their respective experiments. After adding 185 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, and 220 mg/kg of Cu to the diet, respectively, the daily gain of piglets increased by 12.50% and 11.54, respectively. %, 19.69%, 6.90%, 15.93%, 13.47%.
The effect of high Cu promoting growth is influenced by the level of its addition. According to British statistics on 285 trials, adding 250 mg/kg works best (Braude et al., 1975). However, studies by Stahly et al. (1980) showed that the addition of 125 mg/kg of Cu was the best at increasing daily weight gain, whereas the addition of 250 mg/kg of Cu was the best at increasing survival. Aidiyun (1995) found that the daily gain was the largest in the 200 mg/kg group after comparing the levels of 125 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 250 mg/kg. Guan et al. (1995) suggested that the appropriate level of Cu in feed should be 150 mg/kg.
2.2 Effect of Copper on Porcine Immune Function Studies have shown that nutrients have an important role in the immune response of animals. The essential trace elements in nutrients, as the cofactors of the enzyme system and the constituents of the metalloenzymes, are of greater interest. Lack or excess of essential trace elements can cause damage to the immune system. Cu acts as a hematopoietic element while having an antibacterial effect. Dietary Cu levels affect the resistance of animals to bacterial infections (Wolliam et al., 1986). Insufficient or excessive amounts of Cu can increase the chance of infection by pigs. In addition, Cu can also affect the immune response by affecting T cells and multinucleated cells. Zhao Honghong et al. (1999) believe that high Cu and high Zn can stimulate non-specific immune responses in piglets and improve the body's immune function, but high Zn (3000 mg/kg) is superior to high Cu (250 mg/kg).
2.3 Effect of Copper on Porcine Reproductive Capacity At present, more and more essential trace elements have been confirmed to be closely related to the reproductive performance of pigs. A lack of a certain or certain trace elements in the diet will lead to a decline in reproductive function, which is mainly caused by the endocrine system hormone secretion disorders, decreased enzyme activity and changes in the organizational structure of the reproductive organs resulting in decreased fertility. According to Cromwell (1992), 250 mg/kg of Cu was added to the Yorkshire Hampshire hybrid sow diet. The statistics of 81 litters showed that average litter size, average litter size, average birth weight, and average birth weight Live piglet weight, number of live piglets, and mean weaning weight were increased by 6.75% and 2.93%, respectively, compared with the control group (86 litters).
2.4 Effect of Copper on Pork Quality Barber (1960) studies showed that after feeding the pigs with high levels of Cu, their carcass dorsal carcasses become thinner, and the cross-section of the back carcass meat increases. Zhou et al. (1994) intravenously injected Cu complexes. The results showed that the relative weight of pig muscle increased. Pang Bingyi et al. (1989) reported that high Cu increased the total amount of 8 kinds of human essential amino acids in pork by 6.16%, and the total amino acid content also increased. However, the content of essential trace elements in the diet is not continuously and positively related to pork quality. Only by maintaining the optimal level of essential trace elements can it be possible to obtain the best quality of pork. The excessive or low content of essential trace elements is not conducive to the improvement of pork quality.
Copper is not only an important component of the pig's body, but also an essential substance for pig's physiological activities. Adding the right amount of copper in the feed can also promote pig growth and promote pig health. There are some unscientific claims and practices in the use of high-dose copper in pig diets in China. There are also some worrying signs.
The nutritional role of copper, the health effects of copper, and the growth-promoting effects of copper are unquestionable. However, the harm of high copper to pig liver and kidney and its pollution to the environment has increasingly attracted people's attention. In the current situation of rising food safety issues, this issue should be given more attention by people in our industry.
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